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Millions of India's shrimp farmers and are likely to be hit hard by U.S. President Donald Trump's hike in tariffs on Indian exports to as high as 50%.

The United States is India's biggest buyer of seafood and textiles, two of its most labour-intensive industries. Together they employ millions of farmers, factory workers and processors whose livelihoods depend on steady U.S. demand.

The 50% U.S. tariff, comprising 25% that kicked in on Aug. 1 and another 25% due to come into force on Aug. 28 as a penalty for India buying Russian oil, is one of the steepest on any of Washington's trading partners.

The move threatens industries central to India's export economy, including seafood, textiles, gems and jewellery, auto components, carpets and engineering goods. Some exports like pharmaceutical, smartphones and energy are currently exempt from the tariff.

Shrimp farmers pushed over the edge

The U.S. buys nearly half of India's $7 billion of shrimp exports.

The new U.S. tariffs come on top of 7% duties on Indian shrimp that include countervailing duties to offset subsidies given to Indian shrimp producers, and anti-dumping duties to offset dumping of shrimp below fair market value.

With the new 25% reciprocal tariff, the total duty on Indian shrimp has now climbed to more than 30%.

If India fails to avoid the additional 25% penalty for buying Russian oil, the overall tariff on shrimp could climb to nearly 60% on Aug. 28.

Hundreds of thousands of farmers cultivating shrimp in India tend to be impoverished and rely on loans to set up their small businesses, making them particularly vulnerable to falling prices and global shocks.

Farmers warned that higher costs would hit at a time when global oversupply, price drops and disease outbreaks are already squeezing margins, pushing them closer to bankruptcy.

The southern state of Andhra Pradesh, for example, produces close to 70% of India's shrimp and exports most of it to the United States. Farmers there have invested heavily to cultivate high-quality shrimp in saline ponds.

Now, after the tariff shock, Indian shrimp exporters have slashed the money they offer producers by almost 20%, wiping out .

By contrast, Ecuador, a key competitor for shrimp, pays far less. Effective U.S. tariffs on Ecuadorian shrimp stand near 18.8%, that includes countervailing duty of 3.7%. As a result, U.S. buyers are shifting orders. Ecuador's shipments to the United States in June alone, according to S&P Global, a financial services firm.

Textile exporters hit hard

The Indian textile sector provides direct employment to more than , many of them women. It is the second-largest employer after agriculture, according to Indian government data.

About a third of India's textiles and garments flowed to the United States last year, making it the for apparel exports, according to Indian government data.

With duties rising to nearly 60%, U.S. buyers are already pausing orders, asking Indian suppliers to and weighing shifts to lower-cost hubs like Bangladesh, Indonesia and Vietnam.

Indian suppliers are also considering to other countries with cheaper tariffs.

Indian exporters say steep tariffs are leading to cancellations of orders as they are uncompetitive compared to Bangladesh and Vietnam, which have U.S. , and China, which has 30%.

(Reporting by Bhasker Tripathi; Editing by Amruta Byatnal and Jon Hemming.)